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<div class="section" id="module-objects">
<span id="moduleobjects"></span><h1>Module Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><dl class="var">
<dt id="c.PyModule_Type">
<a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a> <code class="descname">PyModule_Type</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_Type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-1">This instance of <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a> represents the Python module type. This
is exposed to Python programs as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types.ModuleType</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_Check">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return true if <em>p</em> is a module object, or a subtype of a module object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_CheckExact">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_CheckExact</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_CheckExact" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return true if <em>p</em> is a module object, but not a subtype of
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_Type" title="PyModule_Type"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_Type</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_NewObject">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyModule_NewObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_NewObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-2">Return a new module object with the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__name__" title="__name__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code></a> attribute set to <em>name</em>.
The module’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__name__" title="__name__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code></a>, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__doc__</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__package__" title="__package__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code></a>, and
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__loader__" title="__loader__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code></a> attributes are filled in (all but <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__name__" title="__name__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code></a> are set
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>); the caller is responsible for providing a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__file__" title="__file__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code></a>
attribute.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__package__" title="__package__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__loader__" title="__loader__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code></a> are set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_New">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyModule_New</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_New" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_NewObject" title="PyModule_NewObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_NewObject()</span></code></a>, but the name is a UTF-8 encoded
string instead of a Unicode object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_GetDict">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyModule_GetDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_GetDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: Borrowed reference.</em><p id="index-3">Return the dictionary object that implements <em>module</em>’s namespace; this object
is the same as the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#object.__dict__" title="object.__dict__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></code></a> attribute of the module object.
If <em>module</em> is not a module object (or a subtype of a module object),
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemError" title="SystemError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemError</span></code></a> is raised and <em>NULL</em> is returned.</p>
<p>It is recommended extensions use other <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_*()</span></code> and
<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_*()</span></code> functions rather than directly manipulate a module’s
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#object.__dict__" title="object.__dict__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_GetNameObject">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyModule_GetNameObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_GetNameObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-4">Return <em>module</em>’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__name__" title="__name__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code></a> value. If the module does not provide one,
or if it is not a string, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemError" title="SystemError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemError</span></code></a> is raised and <em>NULL</em> is returned.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_GetName">
char* <code class="descname">PyModule_GetName</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_GetName" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_GetNameObject" title="PyModule_GetNameObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetNameObject()</span></code></a> but return the name encoded to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_GetState">
void* <code class="descname">PyModule_GetState</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_GetState" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the “state” of the module, that is, a pointer to the block of memory
allocated at module creation time, or <em>NULL</em>. See
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_size" title="PyModuleDef.m_size"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef.m_size</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_GetDef">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a>* <code class="descname">PyModule_GetDef</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_GetDef" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a pointer to the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef</span></code></a> struct from which the module was
created, or <em>NULL</em> if the module wasn’t created from a definition.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_GetFilenameObject">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyModule_GetFilenameObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_GetFilenameObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-5">Return the name of the file from which <em>module</em> was loaded using <em>module</em>’s
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#__file__" title="__file__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code></a> attribute. If this is not defined, or if it is not a
unicode string, raise <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemError" title="SystemError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemError</span></code></a> and return <em>NULL</em>; otherwise return
a reference to a Unicode object.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_GetFilename">
char* <code class="descname">PyModule_GetFilename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_GetFilename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_GetFilenameObject" title="PyModule_GetFilenameObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetFilenameObject()</span></code></a> but return the filename
encoded to ‘utf-8’.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.2: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_GetFilename" title="PyModule_GetFilename"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetFilename()</span></code></a> raises <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UnicodeEncodeError</span></code> on
unencodable filenames, use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_GetFilenameObject" title="PyModule_GetFilenameObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetFilenameObject()</span></code></a> instead.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="initializing-c-modules">
<span id="initializing-modules"></span><h2>Initializing C modules<a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-c-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Modules objects are usually created from extension modules (shared libraries
which export an initialization function), or compiled-in modules
(where the initialization function is added using <a class="reference internal" href="import.html#c.PyImport_AppendInittab" title="PyImport_AppendInittab"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_AppendInittab()</span></code></a>).
See <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/building.html#building"><span class="std std-ref">Building C and C++ Extensions</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/embedding.html#extending-with-embedding"><span class="std std-ref">Extending Embedded Python</span></a> for details.</p>
<p>The initialization function can either pass a module definition instance
to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_Create" title="PyModule_Create"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_Create()</span></code></a>, and return the resulting module object,
or request “multi-phase initialization” by returning the definition struct itself.</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef">
<code class="descname">PyModuleDef</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The module definition struct, which holds all information needed to create
a module object. There is usually only one statically initialized variable
of this type for each module.</p>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_base">
PyModuleDef_Base <code class="descname">m_base</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_base" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Always initialize this member to <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_name">
char* <code class="descname">m_name</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Name for the new module.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_doc">
char* <code class="descname">m_doc</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_doc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Docstring for the module; usually a docstring variable created with
<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyDoc_STRVAR()</span></code> is used.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_size">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">m_size</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Module state may be kept in a per-module memory area that can be
retrieved with <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_GetState" title="PyModule_GetState"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetState()</span></code></a>, rather than in static globals.
This makes modules safe for use in multiple sub-interpreters.</p>
<p>This memory area is allocated based on <em>m_size</em> on module creation,
and freed when the module object is deallocated, after the
<code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m_free</span></code> function has been called, if present.</p>
<p>Setting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m_size</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> means that the module does not support
sub-interpreters, because it has global state.</p>
<p>Setting it to a non-negative value means that the module can be
re-initialized and specifies the additional amount of memory it requires
for its state. Non-negative <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m_size</span></code> is required for multi-phase
initialization.</p>
<p>See <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3121"><strong>PEP 3121</strong></a> for more details.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_methods">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyMethodDef" title="PyMethodDef">PyMethodDef</a>* <code class="descname">m_methods</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_methods" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A pointer to a table of module-level functions, described by
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyMethodDef" title="PyMethodDef"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMethodDef</span></code></a> values. Can be <em>NULL</em> if no functions are present.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_slots">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef_Slot" title="PyModuleDef_Slot">PyModuleDef_Slot</a>* <code class="descname">m_slots</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_slots" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>An array of slot definitions for multi-phase initialization, terminated by
a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{0,</span> <span class="pre">NULL}</span></code> entry.
When using single-phase initialization, <em>m_slots</em> must be <em>NULL</em>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.5: </span>Prior to version 3.5, this member was always set to <em>NULL</em>,
and was defined as:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_reload">
<a class="reference internal" href="gcsupport.html#c.inquiry" title="inquiry">inquiry</a> <code class="descname">m_reload</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_reload" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_traverse">
<a class="reference internal" href="gcsupport.html#c.traverseproc" title="traverseproc">traverseproc</a> <code class="descname">m_traverse</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_traverse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A traversal function to call during GC traversal of the module object, or
<em>NULL</em> if not needed. This function may be called before module state
is allocated (<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_GetState" title="PyModule_GetState"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetState()</span></code></a> may return <cite>NULL</cite>),
and before the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_mod_exec" title="Py_mod_exec"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_mod_exec</span></code></a> function is executed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_clear">
<a class="reference internal" href="gcsupport.html#c.inquiry" title="inquiry">inquiry</a> <code class="descname">m_clear</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A clear function to call during GC clearing of the module object, or
<em>NULL</em> if not needed. This function may be called before module state
is allocated (<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_GetState" title="PyModule_GetState"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetState()</span></code></a> may return <cite>NULL</cite>),
and before the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_mod_exec" title="Py_mod_exec"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_mod_exec</span></code></a> function is executed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef.m_free">
freefunc <code class="descname">m_free</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_free" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A function to call during deallocation of the module object, or <em>NULL</em> if
not needed. This function may be called before module state
is allocated (<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_GetState" title="PyModule_GetState"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetState()</span></code></a> may return <cite>NULL</cite>),
and before the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_mod_exec" title="Py_mod_exec"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_mod_exec</span></code></a> function is executed.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="single-phase-initialization">
<h3>Single-phase initialization<a class="headerlink" href="#single-phase-initialization" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The module initialization function may create and return the module object
directly. This is referred to as “single-phase initialization”, and uses one
of the following two module creation functions:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_Create">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyModule_Create</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_Create" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new module object, given the definition in <em>def</em>. This behaves
like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_Create2" title="PyModule_Create2"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_Create2()</span></code></a> with <em>module_api_version</em> set to
<code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHON_API_VERSION</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_Create2">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyModule_Create2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em>, int<em> module_api_version</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_Create2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new module object, given the definition in <em>def</em>, assuming the
API version <em>module_api_version</em>. If that version does not match the version
of the running interpreter, a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#RuntimeWarning" title="RuntimeWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeWarning</span></code></a> is emitted.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Most uses of this function should be using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_Create" title="PyModule_Create"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_Create()</span></code></a>
instead; only use this if you are sure you need it.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>Before it is returned from in the initialization function, the resulting module
object is typically populated using functions like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_AddObject" title="PyModule_AddObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_AddObject()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="multi-phase-initialization">
<span id="id1"></span><h3>Multi-phase initialization<a class="headerlink" href="#multi-phase-initialization" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>An alternate way to specify extensions is to request “multi-phase initialization”.
Extension modules created this way behave more like Python modules: the
initialization is split between the <em>creation phase</em>, when the module object
is created, and the <em>execution phase</em>, when it is populated.
The distinction is similar to the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__new__" title="object.__new__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__new__()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__init__" title="object.__init__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__()</span></code></a> methods
of classes.</p>
<p>Unlike modules created using single-phase initialization, these modules are not
singletons: if the <em>sys.modules</em> entry is removed and the module is re-imported,
a new module object is created, and the old module is subject to normal garbage
collection – as with Python modules.
By default, multiple modules created from the same definition should be
independent: changes to one should not affect the others.
This means that all state should be specific to the module object (using e.g.
using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_GetState" title="PyModule_GetState"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_GetState()</span></code></a>), or its contents (such as the module’s
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></code> or individual classes created with <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyType_FromSpec" title="PyType_FromSpec"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_FromSpec()</span></code></a>).</p>
<p>All modules created using multi-phase initialization are expected to support
<a class="reference internal" href="init.html#sub-interpreter-support"><span class="std std-ref">sub-interpreters</span></a>. Making sure multiple modules
are independent is typically enough to achieve this.</p>
<p>To request multi-phase initialization, the initialization function
(PyInit_modulename) returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef</span></code></a> instance with non-empty
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef.m_slots" title="PyModuleDef.m_slots"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m_slots</span></code></a>. Before it is returned, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef</span></code>
instance must be initialized with the following function:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef_Init">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyModuleDef_Init</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef_Init" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Ensures a module definition is a properly initialized Python object that
correctly reports its type and reference count.</p>
<p>Returns <em>def</em> cast to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject*</span></code>, or <em>NULL</em> if an error occurred.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <em>m_slots</em> member of the module definition must point to an array of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef_Slot</span></code> structures:</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef_Slot">
<code class="descname">PyModuleDef_Slot</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef_Slot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef_Slot.slot">
int <code class="descname">slot</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef_Slot.slot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A slot ID, chosen from the available values explained below.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="member">
<dt id="c.PyModuleDef_Slot.value">
void* <code class="descname">value</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModuleDef_Slot.value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Value of the slot, whose meaning depends on the slot ID.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <em>m_slots</em> array must be terminated by a slot with id 0.</p>
<p>The available slot types are:</p>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_mod_create">
<code class="descname">Py_mod_create</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_mod_create" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies a function that is called to create the module object itself.
The <em>value</em> pointer of this slot must point to a function of the signature:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.create_module">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">create_module</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *spec</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.create_module" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>The function receives a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec" title="importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ModuleSpec</span></code></a>
instance, as defined in <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0451"><strong>PEP 451</strong></a>, and the module definition.
It should return a new module object, or set an error
and return <em>NULL</em>.</p>
<p>This function should be kept minimal. In particular, it should not
call arbitrary Python code, as trying to import the same module again may
result in an infinite loop.</p>
<p>Multiple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_mod_create</span></code> slots may not be specified in one module
definition.</p>
<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_mod_create</span></code> is not specified, the import machinery will create
a normal module object using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_New" title="PyModule_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_New()</span></code></a>. The name is taken from
<em>spec</em>, not the definition, to allow extension modules to dynamically adjust
to their place in the module hierarchy and be imported under different
names through symlinks, all while sharing a single module definition.</p>
<p>There is no requirement for the returned object to be an instance of
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_Type" title="PyModule_Type"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_Type</span></code></a>. Any type can be used, as long as it supports
setting and getting import-related attributes.
However, only <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_Type</span></code> instances may be returned if the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef</span></code> has non-<em>NULL</em> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m_traverse</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m_clear</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m_free</span></code>; non-zero <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m_size</span></code>; or slots other than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_mod_create</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_mod_exec">
<code class="descname">Py_mod_exec</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_mod_exec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies a function that is called to <em>execute</em> the module.
This is equivalent to executing the code of a Python module: typically,
this function adds classes and constants to the module.
The signature of the function is:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.exec_module">
int <code class="descname">exec_module</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>*<em> module</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.exec_module" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>If multiple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_mod_exec</span></code> slots are specified, they are processed in the
order they appear in the <em>m_slots</em> array.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>See <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0489"><strong>PEP 489</strong></a> for more details on multi-phase initialization.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="low-level-module-creation-functions">
<h3>Low-level module creation functions<a class="headerlink" href="#low-level-module-creation-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The following functions are called under the hood when using multi-phase
initialization. They can be used directly, for example when creating module
objects dynamically. Note that both <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_FromDefAndSpec</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_ExecDef</span></code> must be called to fully initialize a module.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_FromDefAndSpec">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> * <code class="descname">PyModule_FromDefAndSpec</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *spec</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_FromDefAndSpec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new module object, given the definition in <em>module</em> and the
ModuleSpec <em>spec</em>. This behaves like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2" title="PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2()</span></code></a>
with <em>module_api_version</em> set to <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHON_API_VERSION</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> * <code class="descname">PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *spec</em>, int<em> module_api_version</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new module object, given the definition in <em>module</em> and the
ModuleSpec <em>spec</em>, assuming the API version <em>module_api_version</em>.
If that version does not match the version of the running interpreter,
a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#RuntimeWarning" title="RuntimeWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeWarning</span></code></a> is emitted.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Most uses of this function should be using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModule_FromDefAndSpec" title="PyModule_FromDefAndSpec"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_FromDefAndSpec()</span></code></a>
instead; only use this if you are sure you need it.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_ExecDef">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_ExecDef</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_ExecDef" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Process any execution slots (<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_mod_exec" title="Py_mod_exec"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_mod_exec</span></code></a>) given in <em>def</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_SetDocString">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_SetDocString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em>, const char<em> *docstring</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_SetDocString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the docstring for <em>module</em> to <em>docstring</em>.
This function is called automatically when creating a module from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef</span></code>, using either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_Create</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_FromDefAndSpec</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_AddFunctions">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_AddFunctions</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyMethodDef" title="PyMethodDef">PyMethodDef</a><em> *functions</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_AddFunctions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add the functions from the <em>NULL</em> terminated <em>functions</em> array to <em>module</em>.
Refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyMethodDef" title="PyMethodDef"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMethodDef</span></code></a> documentation for details on individual
entries (due to the lack of a shared module namespace, module level
“functions” implemented in C typically receive the module as their first
parameter, making them similar to instance methods on Python classes).
This function is called automatically when creating a module from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef</span></code>, using either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_Create</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_FromDefAndSpec</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="support-functions">
<h3>Support functions<a class="headerlink" href="#support-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The module initialization function (if using single phase initialization) or
a function called from a module execution slot (if using multi-phase
initialization), can use the following functions to help initialize the module
state:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_AddObject">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_AddObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em>, const char<em> *name</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_AddObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add an object to <em>module</em> as <em>name</em>. This is a convenience function which can
be used from the module’s initialization function. This steals a reference to
<em>value</em>. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on error, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_AddIntConstant">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_AddIntConstant</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em>, const char<em> *name</em>, long<em> value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_AddIntConstant" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add an integer constant to <em>module</em> as <em>name</em>. This convenience function can be
used from the module’s initialization function. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on error, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on
success.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_AddStringConstant">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_AddStringConstant</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em>, const char<em> *name</em>, const char<em> *value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_AddStringConstant" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add a string constant to <em>module</em> as <em>name</em>. This convenience function can be
used from the module’s initialization function. The string <em>value</em> must be
<em>NULL</em>-terminated. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on error, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_AddIntMacro">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_AddIntMacro</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em>, macro<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_AddIntMacro" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add an int constant to <em>module</em>. The name and the value are taken from
<em>macro</em>. For example <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_AddIntMacro(module,</span> <span class="pre">AF_INET)</span></code> adds the int
constant <em>AF_INET</em> with the value of <em>AF_INET</em> to <em>module</em>.
Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on error, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyModule_AddStringMacro">
int <code class="descname">PyModule_AddStringMacro</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em>, macro<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyModule_AddStringMacro" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add a string constant to <em>module</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="module-lookup">
<h2>Module lookup<a class="headerlink" href="#module-lookup" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Single-phase initialization creates singleton modules that can be looked up
in the context of the current interpreter. This allows the module object to be
retrieved later with only a reference to the module definition.</p>
<p>These functions will not work on modules created using multi-phase initialization,
since multiple such modules can be created from a single definition.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyState_FindModule">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyState_FindModule</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyState_FindModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the module object that was created from <em>def</em> for the current interpreter.
This method requires that the module object has been attached to the interpreter state with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyState_AddModule" title="PyState_AddModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyState_AddModule()</span></code></a> beforehand. In case the corresponding module object is not
found or has not been attached to the interpreter state yet, it returns <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyState_AddModule">
int <code class="descname">PyState_AddModule</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *module</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyState_AddModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Attaches the module object passed to the function to the interpreter state. This allows
the module object to be accessible via <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyState_FindModule" title="PyState_FindModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyState_FindModule()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Only effective on modules created using single-phase initialization.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyState_RemoveModule">
int <code class="descname">PyState_RemoveModule</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef">PyModuleDef</a><em> *def</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyState_RemoveModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes the module object created from <em>def</em> from the interpreter state.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
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